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THE TORII - Shinto shrines are believed to be the
dwelling place of kami (various gods, spirits or sacred powers that
are worshipped). A torii is erected at the entrance of the shrine.
It consists of two columns crowned by two beams. This signifies the shrine
is a sacred area, set apart from the profane, outside world.
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Shinto
This is fundamentally and primarily the religion of the
Japanese people. The word Shinto means "the way of the gods," a name
adopted in the sixth century A.D. to distinguish it from Buddhism and
Confucianism. The origin of this religion is prehistoric. In its earliest
expression it offered no orthodox sacred writings, no universal standard of
moral behavior and no fixed doctrinal base. It primarily focused on the worship
of a pantheon of deities or spirits (kami). The kami range from
deities associated with aspects of nature (the sky, the sun, a mountain, etc.)
to those that perform specific functions. Examples include: Fudo, who guards
against danger or misfortune; Yakushi, who imparts healing for the mind and the
body; or Inari, the rice god who brings an abundant harvest.
Two other major facets of Shintoism have been: Emperor worship-stemming
from a belief that the Mikado (the emperors that ruled Japan) descended from
Ama-terasu Omikami, the sun goddess. Defeat during the Second World War produced
a great deal of skepticism toward, and rejection of, this doctrine. Ancestor
worship-stemming from the belief that thirty-three years after death every
Shinto person becomes divine, joining the ranks of the kami. For many
centuries, Shintoism lost its uniqueness and independent existence, being mixed
with its two chief rivals: Buddhism and Confucianism. In the 18th
century, however, a nationalistic revival took place under the influence of a
number of scholars who sought to rid Japan of foreign influence and reestablish
Shinto as the state religion. The revered texts of this religion are: Kojiki
(Records of Ancient Matters-712 A.D.) Nihongi or Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of
Japan-720 A.D.) and Engishiki or Yengishiki (Procedures of the Engi Era-927
A.D.).
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